Brainstorm Health: Alzheimer’s and Elephants, Google and Rehab Ads, Bacteria Hand Sanitizer Resistance

As I mentioned in Monday’s post (“Why the Latest Alzheimer’s Drug Has So Many People Confused”), the BAPtists have drawn the greatest number of disciples for a generation or more—on both the academic research and drug development fronts. And amyloid hypothesis backers even have a new biological model to explain how this pathological process might begin—and accelerate. The idea, as writer Laura Beil explains in a wonderfully clear feature in Science News, is called the “clean cycle”:

During normal sleep, the brain actively clears out stray beta-amyloid (also called A-beta), protein remnants that are discarded by neurons themselves. But when sleep is disrupted, the trash removal is stalled: “[T]he brain doesn’t get the chance to mop up all the A-beta that the neurons produce, according to a developing consensus,” Beil writes. “A-beta starts to collect in the small seams between cells of the brain, like litter in the gutter. If A-beta piles up too much, it can accumulate into plaques that are thought to eventually lead to other problems such as inflammation and the buildup of tau, which appears to destroy neurons and lead to Alzheimer’s disease.”

Indeed, thanks to PET scans, we can see that, even in healthy brains, the amount of this stray protein increases dramatically—by as much as 5% in certain brain regions—after only a single night of sleep deprivation. The fact that Alzheimer’s itself disrupts sleep serves only to speed up and amplify this vicious cycle. But there are gaps in the theory, too. One is a chicken-and-egg conundrum, says Beil: “If Alzheimer’s both affects sleep and is affected by it, which comes first?”

Another gap—or at least a confounder—is the fact that amyloid-clearing agents have been tested again and again in investigative clinical trials and have never been shown to halt the disease. As I wrote on Monday, the recent results from the Phase II trial of BAN2401, an anti-amyloid drug from Biogen and Eisai didn’t exactly break this record. Though patients who received the experimental antibody may have had some improvement in cognition, the outcomes appeared to fall short of what many had hoped for, and even expected.

On top of that comes another weighty question: Call it the seven-ton mystery—or the elephant in the room of Alzheimer’s oddities: Why don’t elephants experience the same kind of brain deterioration with aging?

The brains of Loxodonta africana, or African elephants, are nearly three times larger than their human counterparts—holding as many as 257 billion neurons compared to our feeble 100 billion or so (though the vast majority of the elephant’s supply reside outside the cerebral cortex). But elephants seem to have extraordinary memory capacity late into life, as Michael Garstang, an emeritus distinguished research professor at the University of Virginia, details in his book Elephant Sense and Sensibility—with herd matriarchs remembering discrete faraway locations visited many decades earlier, for example, and transferring that knowledge to the next generations.

Moreover, to the extent it can be known (It’s hard to ask an elephant what they had for breakfast yesterday), there seems to be little evidence that older elephants suffer from mental decline. So far, in the handful of brains of older elephants that have been examined post-mortem, there’s also no evidence of a buildup of amyloid plaques.

As for the sleep-brain-cleaning thesis, that too runs into a snag with elephants: The creatures, on the whole, sleep very little. (Wild elephants may sleep as little as two hours a day, according to one study, though captive animals tend to sleep longer.) But in any case, if elephants are clearing any amyloid buildup during the course of their zzz’s, there isn’t much time to get it done.

One possible explanation is that elephant brains may have some other biological mechanism for keeping their neurons firing brightly through the decades.

But then, another theory isn’t mechanistic at all—rather, it goes to the heart of elephant life itself: They’re deeply social. The animals congregate for life in tight-knit extended family networks, one generation alongside another. Could that have something to with keeping aged brains humming?

As it turns out, there’s actually a fair amount of research to suggest it might. Several studies in humans have appeared to demonstrate that strong social connections reduce the risk of cognitive impairment in older adults—and that the opposite circumstance (social disengagement) makes mental deterioration worse.

Unfortunately, such evidence might offer one clue as to why Alzheimer’s deaths have been rising in this U.S., increasing 123% between the years 2000 and 2015. In the end, such a sad stat may reflect our frayed social fabric—and the lack intergenerational contact among families today—as much, perhaps, as it does some biological or chemical driver of the disease.

So while the BAPtists and TAUists and ATHIEsts debate the murky science among themselves, give your mom or dad, or aunt, or older neighbor a call this weekend and shoot the breeze. Who knows? You may end up doing more to fight Alzheimer’s than many pharma execs.

DIGITAL HEALTH

Google will allow rehab ads again after a near year-long ban. My colleague Don Reisinger reports that Google will once again allow addiction center and rehab ads to run—as long as they've been vetted by a third party firm the tech giant hired called LegitScript. Google had halted the display of addiction service ads after concerns that largely unvetted (and potentially ineffective) rehab centers were drawing in customers seeking help via the advertisements. (Coins2Day)

INDICATIONS

Allergan sues Pfizer over opioid lawsuits, sells derm portfolio to Almirall.  A double-whammy of Allergan news this morning: 1) The Botox maker sued Pfizer on Thursday in a pre-emptive strike against hundreds of lawsuits against Allergan for alleged deceptive marketing of an opioid. Pfizer's role in this? Allergan acquired the treatment from a company that Pfizer had purchased, and it wants Pfizer to cover any damages it may have to pay; and 2) The company is selling a portfolio of five branded dermatology drugs to Spain's Almirall for up to $650 million in cash (including $550 million upfront).

Merck's Ebola vaccine to be re-deployed in Congo. As the scourge of Ebola once again strikes the Democratic Republic of Congo, the country's health minister says that Merck's Ebola vaccine will be deployed as soon as early next week in the affected regions of nation's heavily populated eastern area. (Reuters)

THE BIG PICTURE

Certain bacteria beginning to become resistant to hand sanitizer. A new study published in Science Translational Medicine finds that a preponderance of alcohol-based hand sanitizers in hospitals may be causing certain kinds of bacteria to become resistant to the would-be germ killers. "To our knowledge this was the first time anyone had shown hospital bacteria becoming tolerant to alcohols," study co-author Timothy Stinear tells NPR. Certain bacteria required a 70% alcohol concentration to die—a greater level than the approximately 60% found in typical hand sanitizers. (NPR)

California takes AMA's lead, urges DOJ to block CVS-Aetna deal. This week, the insurance commissioner of California sent a letter to the Department of Justice urging the government to block the proposed CVS-Aetna mega-merger, arguing that it would create an anti-competitive landscape and adversely affect consumers. The move follows the American Medical Association's (AMA's) strong opposition to the deal. "We urge other state regulators to review the evidence and take similar action," said AMA president Dr. Barbara McAneny in a statement after the insurance commissioner's decision was announced. (Forbes)

REQUIRED READING

Hedge Fund Billionaire Steve Cohen Is Spending Big to Help Veterans. Why Are People Angry? By Isaac Arnsdorf (A special collaboration between  Coins2Day and our friends at  ProPublica )

Apple's New Trillion-Dollar Valuation Is Fueled By Its Old-Fashioned Ways, by David Meyer

July Jobs Report: Payrolls Rise 157,000 and Unemployment Rate Drops to 3.9%, by Bloomberg

China Plans Retaliatory Tariffs on $60 Billion Worth of U.S. Goods, by Chris Morris