For decades, China has served as the go-to manufacturing destination for global companies. But recent events suggest that the tide may be turning. Consider these examples:
- Apple supplier Foxconn announced in July that it plans to invest $1 billion in India, part of a quiet and gradual production shift by Apple away from China.
- Hasbro, the world’s largest publicly traded toymaker, has said that it hopes to have only 50% of its production coming from China by the end of 2020, shifting away from China in favor of new plants in Vietnam and India.
- Nintendo is shifting some production of its Switch videogame console to Southeast Asia from China.
- Japan passed a record economic stimulus package to help Japanese companies shift manufacturing away from China and either back to Japan or other countries.
Geopolitical tensions are fueling this trend. The U.S. And China have been in a wide-ranging trade war for more than two years. Military conflict along the India-China border, rising tensions between the Beijing government and Taiwan aggravated by aggressive Chinese behavior in the South China Sea, and China’s tightening restrictions on democracy in Hong Kong are all making global businesses warfy. And China’s handling of the COVID-19 pandemic in its early days has increased distrust among its trading partners.
The COVID-19 crisis has illustrated both the soft risks (such as reputation damage) and rigid risks (such as disruption of supply chains) of relying on China as a chief manufacturing hub. Companies outside China may now feel pressure to reshore manufacturing to home countries or find more suitable low-cost alternatives in Asia, Eastern Europe, and the Americas. Alternately, they may now feel a need to develop a diversification strategy that includes a combination of those regions, including the one where their global headquarters is located.
The argument becomes more convincing every day. The government of China’s moves in recent years signals harsher government control at home and more geopolitical and economic bullying overseas. Germany and other European countries have had to call on firms to reduce their dependence on China. And long before the advent of the coronavirus pandemic, the United States had concerns about its growing reliance on China.
Diversifying investments—and supply chains
In my earlier years, I was taught to diversify my investments, always, to hedge against the risks associated with certain stocks, bonds, and funds. But are global companies ready to diversify?
Any company currently dependent on China will need to manufacture their products in an increasingly larger group of low-cost countries possessing the human capital, quality standards, logistics, and supply chains to deliver goods on time to customers.
But this next-wave of countries can’t operate like China. This group of nations must have amenable regulations and trade policies to attract international investors, understandable labor laws, and clear respect for intellectual property. They also must enact quality certification processes to offset risks of disruptions in times of uncertainty.
Apple, Hasbro, and Nintendo are only some of the latest companies to make a move to shift some production away from China. Many apparel companies have successfully moved and mitigated the risks to other low-end alternative options to China. For example, Nike now makes its lower-end shoes in Vietnam. Since 2010, Adidas has cut the share of footwear it makes in China in half, and most of that manufacturing business has moved to Vietnam.
For longer-term success, new-country partners will need to train and develop senior business leaders. And organizations must be inculcated with effective cross-cultural tools to thrive with a global mindset toward working with new clients in a new environment—and away from over-reliance on yesterday’s game, China.
Short-term challenges, long-term sustainability
The pandemic has given some businesses a rude awakening about their dependence on China. But there is no reason to believe that relocation of supply chains can’t be achieved. Companies will have to embrace short-term challenges associated with diversification from Chinese locations and go through the growing pains needed to design a long-term sustainable future, one without reliance on China.
It does not pay to rely on a single place for manufacturing operations and supply chain processes. The global companies that are heavily reliant on China for global sourcing and production must diversity away of China to reduce future disruptions and risks to their business and customers.
Nilesh Patel is chief executive and global management strategist at Opitive Consulting.