Hair loss can be frustrating, emotional, and downright confusing to navigate, especially when every ad for treatments seems to promise a miracle in a bottle. So, we focused on treatments that rely on clinically backed ingredients, expert input, and real-world usability—not hype. From simple over-the-counter solutions to prescription-strength regimens available via telehealth, the goal is to help you understand which options may actually be worth your time, money, and long-term commitment.
We selected the best hair loss treatments of 2025 across multiple categories, including topicals, supplements, sprays, and bundles. Each recommendation was selected with everyday practicality in mind: how easy it is to use, how accessible it is, and whether the formula aligns with current research. We also suggest who each product might be best for and share guidance on how to match your own needs and preferences to get on the right hair loss treatment path.
Best Hair Loss Treatment of 2025
- Best Hair Loss Treatment Overall: Hims Topical Minoxidil Solution
- Best Hair Loss Treatment for Women: Hers Minoxidil Solution
- Best Hair Growth Supplement: Nutrafol Women’s & Nutrafol Men’s Hair Growth Nutraceutical
- Best Hair Growth Spray: Ro Mane Spray
- Best Hair Growth Product Bundle: Happy Head TopicalRx Solution + SuperCapsule
- Best Hair Growth Capsules: Strut Dutasteride Hair Combo Capsule
Best Hair Loss Treatment Comparison Table
| Attribute | Main ingredients | Form | Availability (Rx/OTC) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hims Topical Minoxidil Solution | Minoxidil 5% topical solution | Liquid topical dropper/serum | OTC |
| Hers Minoxidil Solution | Minoxidil 2%–5% topical (solution or foam) | Topical serum (2% solution) and 5% foam for women | OTC |
| Nutrafol Women’s & Nutrafol Men’s Hair Growth Nutraceutical | Multi-ingredient supplement with botanicals like ashwagandha, saw palmetto, marine collagen, and more | Oral capsules taken daily | OTC |
| Ro Mane Spray | Minoxidil 6%, finasteride 0.3%, tretinoin 0.025% in a topical spray | Fine-mist topical spray | Prescription only via telehealth platform |
| Happy Head TopicalRx Solution + SuperCapsule | Topical: 0.3% dutasteride, up to 8% minoxidil, 0.001% retinoic acid, 1% hydrocortisone | Combination of custom topical solution plus daily oral capsule | Prescription only via Happy Head telehealth service |
| Strut Dutasteride Hair Combo Capsule | Oral dutasteride capsules with biotin, plus StrutVite multivitamin with saw palmetto and more | Oral capsules | Prescription required for dutasteride capsule |
| Hims Topical Minoxidil Solution | |
|---|---|
| Main ingredients | Minoxidil 5% topical solution |
| Form | Liquid topical dropper/serum |
| Availability (Rx/OTC) | OTC |
| Hers Minoxidil Solution | |
| Main ingredients | Minoxidil 2%–5% topical (solution or foam) |
| Form | Topical serum (2% solution) and 5% foam for women |
| Availability (Rx/OTC) | OTC |
| Nutrafol Women’s & Nutrafol Men’s Hair Growth Nutraceutical | |
| Main ingredients | Multi-ingredient supplement with botanicals like ashwagandha, saw palmetto, marine collagen, and more |
| Form | Oral capsules taken daily |
| Availability (Rx/OTC) | OTC |
| Ro Mane Spray | |
| Main ingredients | Minoxidil 6%, finasteride 0.3%, tretinoin 0.025% in a topical spray |
| Form | Fine-mist topical spray |
| Availability (Rx/OTC) | Prescription only via telehealth platform |
| Happy Head TopicalRx Solution + SuperCapsule | |
| Main ingredients | Topical: 0.3% dutasteride, up to 8% minoxidil, 0.001% retinoic acid, 1% hydrocortisone |
| Form | Combination of custom topical solution plus daily oral capsule |
| Availability (Rx/OTC) | Prescription only via Happy Head telehealth service |
| Strut Dutasteride Hair Combo Capsule | |
| Main ingredients | Oral dutasteride capsules with biotin, plus StrutVite multivitamin with saw palmetto and more |
| Form | Oral capsules |
| Availability (Rx/OTC) | Prescription required for dutasteride capsule |
Best Hair Loss Treatment Overall: Hims Topical Minoxidil Solution
Hims Topical Minoxidil Solution
| Coins2Day score | 4/5 |
at Hims
- Our thoughts: A straightforward, evidence-backed first-line treatment that is easy to work into a daily routine
- Main ingredients: 5% minoxidil
- Who it’s for: Men with gradual thinning or hair loss on the top of the scalp
- What makes it different: Comes in a simple dropper serum that many users find easier to apply and integrate into styling than foam
Pros
- FDA-approved 5% minoxidil
- Widely available over the counter with a simple dropper application
- Can increase hair density and slow further loss with consistent, long-term use
Cons
- Must be used twice daily indefinitely or regrowth can be lost within a few months
- May cause scalp irritation, dryness, or itching in some users
- Results are gradual and generally limited to the top of the scalp
Our Thoughts on Hims Minoxidil Solution
Hims Topical Minoxidil Solution is our pick for the best overall hair loss treatment because it balances strong clinical backing with everyday usability and broad access. The 5% minoxidil strength is FDA-approved for regrowing hair on the top of the scalp, and studies have shown it can increase hair density and slow loss when used consistently. Unlike more invasive or prescription-only options, this solution is over the counter, relatively affordable, and easy to apply with a dropper.

Taylor tested Hims Topical Finasteride and Minoxidil solution once daily at night for about nine months. He found the product very easy to work into his nightly routine, applying it once before bed and letting it dry for about 30 minutes before lying down. He shared that “the product is slow to dry and felt slightly moisturizing or oily,” but once it set, “it felt a little hard on my hair like hair spray but wasn’t clumpy or noticeable,” and he appreciated that “there isn’t much of a smell to it and it is extremely easy to use overall.”

He also reported a clear improvement in shedding, thickness, and coverage over time. Taylor noted that the initial fallout around month one seemed to be “all the hair that was weak or going to fall out on its own,” which then “developed into new hair growth that is stronger and more full.” He rated his shedding, thickness, and new growth all as 4 out of 5, said his “overall scalp” showed improvement, and felt confident he first saw noticeable changes around weeks five through eight.
By the end of the test, he rated his final results a 4 out of 5 and said, “I now have a fuller scalp of hair overall and my hairline in the front is regrowing back to what it used to be.”
Best Hair Loss Treatment for Women: Hers Minoxidil Solution
Hers Minoxidil Solution
| Coins2Day score | 4/5 |
at Hers
- Our thoughts: A simple, evidence-backed first-line treatment that fits easily into most hair-care routines and is widely accessible
- Main ingredients: Minoxidil 2% (solution) or 5% (foam)
- Who it’s for: Women with mild to moderate female pattern hair loss or general thinning at the top of the scalp
- What makes it different: Integrated into the Hers platform, so women can pair minoxidil with other hair-loss options and telehealth support if desired
Pros
- FDA-approved strengths of minoxidil with data supporting regrowth in women
- Multiple formats (solution and foam) to match hair type and styling preferences
- Widely available online and at major retailers without an in-person prescription
Cons
- Must be used continuously for months and kept up indefinitely to maintain results
- Can cause scalp irritation, itching, or unwanted facial hair in some users
- May be less effective for advanced or non-hormonal hair loss
Our Thoughts on Hers Minoxidil Solution
Hers Minoxidil Solution is our pick for the best hair loss treatment for women because it combines strong clinical backing with formats for women’s patterns of thinning and daily routines. The 2% solution and 5% foam formulations are FDA-approved for female pattern hair loss, showing improvements in hair density and regrowth when used consistently over several months. Since it is widely available online and in stores, women can start treatment quickly.

Kate is our tester for Hers minoxidil solution and shared her experience with getting started. She first took a short assessment that took less than five minutes, and Kate said that the questions were brief. “During the assessment, I was asked a ton of relevant questions like heath history, goals of treatment, and previous hair loss experience. It walked me through why these questions were relevant and gave more information about the science behind it.”
After going through the process, Kate noted that Hers provided an in-depth explanation of what product they were offering and why, which felt very personalized. She felt that Hers gave her all the information she needed to feel confident in making a choice.

“The website has a ton of information about all their different hair loss treatments. After going through the assessment for a prescription, I learned that I could get an OTC product instead. I also received safety information,” Kate said. Our team is monitoring Kate’s long-term results and will update this page in the coming months with progress and results.
Best Hair Growth Supplement: Nutrafol Women’s & Men’s Hair Growth Nutraceutical
Nutrafol Women’s & Men’s Hair Growth Nutraceutical
| Coins2Day score | 4/5 |
at Nutrafol
- Our thoughts: A well-researched option that goes beyond basic biotin by targeting stress, hormones, and nutrition
- Main ingredients: A blend of sensoril ashwagandha, saw palmetto, hydrolyzed marine collagen, tocotrienol complex (vitamin E), curcumin, and hyaluronic acid, plus amino acids, biotin, and supporting vitamins and minerals
- What makes it different: Offers tailored lines that adjust ingredients for life stage and hormonal context
Pros
- Clinically studied with published data showing improved hair growth, thickness, and less shedding in 3–6 months
- Multi-target formula addressing stress, hormones, inflammation, and nutrition, not just basic vitamin gaps
- Drug-free capsules that can be combined with topicals like minoxidil or in-office treatments
Cons
- Requires taking four capsules daily and consistent use for several months before full results
- More expensive than many standard hair vitamins
- Not ideal for people avoiding marine ingredients or specific botanicals like saw palmetto or ashwagandha
Our Thoughts on Nutrafol Women’s & Men’s Hair Growth Nutraceutical
Nutrafol Women’s and Men’s Hair Growth Nutraceutical was chosen as our pick for the best hair growth supplement because it pairs a robust ingredient list with clinical data that shows real improvements in hair growth, thickness, and shedding. Instead of relying on a single vitamin, it combines botanicals like ashwagandha, saw palmetto, marine collagen, and tocotrienols with amino acids and micronutrients to address stress, hormones, and scalp environment, making it a strong complementary base to go along with topicals.

Riley and Pete are both testing Nutrafol’s Men Hair Growth Nutraceutical. Pete has just ordered and started the process, while Riley has received the capsules. Pete shared that Nutrafol doesn’t have a questionnaire or assessment (like Hims & Hers).
“The options available are the standalone Hair Growth Nutraceutical, or you can choose to bundle it with another produt like a DHT inhibitor, a hair serum, or collagen builder. I think the Hair Growth Nutraceutical is a good fit for my current lifestyle and needs,” he said. “I was looking for something that was easily accessible and OTC, not requiring a prescription,” Pete noted.

Pete said that a major pro of this product is that it’s all natural, and its easy to purchase on Nutrafol’s website, rating the purchase process a 5 out of 5. “Some potential cons are that I’m not sure if it’ll provide the effects that I’m looking for, and it’s also not a cheap product—its priced at $88 per bottle,” he said.
Riley described his experience trying out Nutrafol’s Men Hair Growth Nutraceutical: “The pills themselves are larger than I was expecting, and the serving size is four capsules, which took me back a bit. Unless you’re a pill swallowing expert, I’d recommend taking them in batches instead of all at once,” he said, giving the swallowability a 3 out of 5.
He described the pills as clear capsules with a yellow powder inside. “After popping one of the capsules in my mouth, I found the flavor unpleasant—it tasted earthy and like wheat,” Riley said. There is no child safety lock on the container, so we recommend that you keep the bottle out of children’s reach.
Best Hair Growth Spray: Ro Mane Spray
Ro Mane Spray
| Coins2Day score | 3.75/5 |
at Ro
- Our thoughts: More powerful than an OTC option with easy twice-daily application
- Main ingredients: Minoxidil, finasteride, tretinoin
- Who it’s for: Best for those comfortable with a prescription medication and consistent daily use
- What makes it different: Bundles three proven hair-loss active ingredients into one compounded spray
Pros
- Multi-ingredient formula targeting different causes of male pattern hair loss
- Convenient spray format that can be applied quickly to thinning areas
- Access to telehealth support and prescription management through Ro’s membership model
Cons
- Prescription-only product, not as easily accessible as OTC hair loss products
- Potential side effects from finasteride and local irritation from minoxidil/tretinoin
- Recurring subscription cost that is higher than generic minoxidil alone
Our Thoughts on Ro Mane Spray
Ro Mane Spray is our pick for the best hair growth spray because it has a combination of convenience and potency by layering minoxidil, finasteride, and tretinoin in one targeted topical. For those who are ready to move beyond basic over-the-counter options but prefer not to take daily pills, this spray provides a prescription-strength, multi-pronged approach delivered via telehealth, making it easier to stay consistent and adjust treatment as needed over time.

Riley tested Ro’s Mane Spray, sharing his experience both with ordering and his initial test of the product. The initial assessment took him about 15 minutes to complete. “The questionnaire was thorough and hit all the essentials. I appreciated that it asked about my general health goals and even included questions about how visible my hair thinning is to others,” he said.
After taking the assessment, Riley was given the choice between an oral option and a spray. “I went with the spray because it seemed the easiest to use, though I did appreciate being able to look through a couple of different treatment formats,” he said, rating the ease of use as 5 out of 5.

After receiving the spray, Riley provided some feedback. “The first thing I notice is the quality of the bottle. It has a bit of weight to it and comes in a beautiful matte black. The spray is less of a mist and more of a single-stream squirt of liquid,” he said. “When applying it to my skin, I noticed that it was pretty oily and did leave a slight residue on my skin as I was rubbing it in. It smells nearly unscented, except for a slight rubbing alcohol scent. It’s not flowery or perfume-y,” he said.
Best Hair Growth Product Bundle: Happy Head TopicalRx Solution + SuperCapsule
Happy Head TopicalRx Solution + SuperCapsule
| Coins2Day score | 4/5 |
at Happy Head
- Our thoughts: An intensive, dermatologist-designed option
- Main ingredients: Dutasteride, up to 8% minoxidil, retinoic acid, and hydrocortisone solution paired with a capsule that includes dutasteride, minoxidil, and vitamin D3
- Who it’s for: Best for those who have not seen enough results with basic topical minoxidil alone and want maximum-strength, customized therapy with dermatologist oversight
- What makes it different: Comes with free tele-dermatology consults, ongoing formula tweaks, and flexible subscription options
Pros
- Powerful combination of topical and oral DHT blockers plus minoxidil for maximal regrowth potential
- Customizable formulas and dermatologist follow-up to adjust strength and ingredients over time
- Convenient bundled approach that covers both scalp-targeted and systemic treatment in a single program
Cons
- Prescription-only and limited to specific age and gender groups, so it’s not suitable for everyone
- Higher monthly cost than most standalone topicals or single medications
- Increased potential for side effects from potent oral and topical actives
Our Thoughts on Happy Head TopicalRx Solution + SuperCapsule
Happy Head TopicalRx Solution + SuperCapsule is our pick for the best hair growth product bundle because it delivers one of the most comprehensive prescription regimens available in a single, coordinated package. The combination of high-strength topical dutasteride–minoxidil with an oral capsule that also includes a DHT blocker, oral minoxidil, and vitamin D3 tackles hair loss locally and systemically, which can be especially appealing for people who have not seen desired results using simpler regimens.

Riley and Kate are both testing Happy Head’s bundle. Kate has just ordered and started the process, while Riley has received the topical solution and capsules. The questionnaire took Kate about 10 minutes and was straightforward, she said. “It was super quick and easy to complete the assessment. I didn’t need to upload any photos and I was given multiple places to write in responses to explain my why,” Kate said. “I liked that there was a section of questions about my hair loss, goals, and my hair type. The other part was a short health screening about my medical history, medications, and more.”
Kate was recommended two products because she had no preference between a topical or oral prescription. Specific formulas were suggested based on her questionnaire answers. She was given the option to do one or both of the products, and chose the bundle. Kate loved that she could choose to do as little or as much treatment as you feel comfortable with.

When Riley received the bundle for testing, he first opened up the oral medication, which came in a brown bottle with a Happy Head blue label. “I was surprised that they also included two samples of thickening shampoo and conditioner,” he said. “The pills come as clear capsules filled with white powder, about the size of an average Tylenol pill. The smell was not pleasing—the pills have an extremely pungent scent that is almost sour. Fortunately, the pills have no noticeable taste,” he said, rating the swallowability a 4 out of 5.
Riley’s topical solution came in a brown bottle with a Happy Head blue label and a dropper. The solution has a strong alcohol scent to it. When applying, it wasn’t oily or slimy, though, and our team rated the ease of use a 4 out of 5. “It only left behind a slightly greasy residue, similar how your skin feels after applying lotion,” Riley remarked.
Best Hair Growth Capsules: Strut Dutasteride Hair Combo Capsule
Strut Dutasteride Hair Combo Capsule
| Coins2Day score | 4/5 |
at Strut
- Our thoughts: A strong pick for folks who want a capsule-focused approach
- Main ingredients: Dutasteride, minoxidil, and hair-supportive nutrients
- Who it’s for: Best for those who have not achieved desired results with milder treatments
- What makes it different: Telehealth support includes an online evaluation, custom dosing, refills, and optional pairing with topical formulas or StrutVite for a full program
Pros
- High-efficacy DHT-blocking with dutasteride
- Once-daily capsule that also delivers minoxidil and key nutrients
- Can be combined with topical treatments for an aggressive treatment strategy guided by a clinician
Cons
- Prescription-only and off-label for hair loss, requiring medical evaluation and ongoing monitoring.
- Risk of systemic side effects from dutasteride and oral minoxidil, including sexual, cardiovascular, or other adverse effects
- May be more intensive than needed for mild thinning
Our Thoughts on Strut Dutasteride Hair Combo Capsule
Strut Dutasteride Hair Combo Capsule is our pick for the best hair growth capsules because it combines strong DHT reduction, proven growth stimulation, and targeted micronutrient support into a single, clinically guided oral regimen. For managing pattern hair loss who are ready to move beyond basic supplements and standard finasteride, this combo offers a convenient, once-daily capsule option that can be paired with topicals and adjusted via telehealth.

Riley is testing Strut’s hair combo capsule, and has both gone through the ordering process and received the pills. The initial questionnaire took him about 15 minutes–he was surprised at how in-depth the intake was. “It covered everything from my overall health goals, relevant medical history, allergies, and how noticeable my hair loss is to other people. It felt comprehensive without being confusing,” he said.
“The checkout was fast and uncomplicated,” Riley said, rating the process a 5 out of 5. “You can pick a treatment length—30, 90, or 150 days, which is helpful. I chose the 90-day option since that’s around the time you can typically start seeing results. The system didn’t suggest a particular product for me; I had to choose it on my own.”

“The hair growth oral compound comes in a blue prescription bottle with a child-safety screw cap. Instructions are included, saying to take one pill by mouth daily,” he noted. “The pill itself is an oblong shape, about the size of a Tylenol,” Riley said, rating the swallowability a 4 out of 5.
The pills are extremely lightweight and have no taste in his experience, either. Overall, Riley said that using this product was as easy as popping an ibuprofen, rating the ease of use a 5 out of 5. “It should be easy to integrate into your normal daily routine.”
How We Tested and Selected the Best Hair Loss Treatments
Choosing a hair loss treatment can feel overwhelming, so this guide focuses on options that balance evidence, accessibility, and real-world usability. Our team is currently running long-term, several-month testing on these picks and will update our content as more data comes in from testers over time.
Treatment Form
Hair loss treatments come in many forms, and no single format works best for everyone. To reflect that, products were selected across a range of forms—capsules, topical serums and solutions, sprays, and oral supplements—so readers can find an option that fits their lifestyle and routine. Different people find different formats more or less convenient, and including multiple forms helps ensure there is at least one product that feels realistic to stick with over the long haul.
Formula
Formulation was a major priority in our selection process. The focus was on products that use clinically backed or widely studied ingredients for hair loss—such as minoxidil, finasteride or dutasteride, and targeted nutraceutical blends—rather than unproven remedies. When ingredients are supported by peer-reviewed data or are standard of care in dermatology, it increases confidence that consistent use can make a meaningful difference, especially when paired with realistic expectations and medical guidance.
Accessibility and Safety
Because many effective hair loss medications are prescription-only, accessibility and safety were considered together. Preference went to products that can be accessed through virtual care, allowing readers to complete an online evaluation and, when appropriate, receive a prescription without needing to visit a doctor’s office in person.

At the same time, products that require photo uploads, questionnaires, or a consult with a licensed clinician were prioritized, since this screening helps reduce the risk of someone using a formula that is wrong for their type of hair loss, health history, or reproductive status.
Ease of Use
Long-term consistency is very important with hair loss treatments, so ease of use was another key factor. Products with straightforward instructions, simple dosing schedules, and user-friendly application methods rose to the top, such as once-daily capsules, easy-to-target sprays, or droppers. We aimed to avoid overly complicated routines so folks can realistically maintain treatment for the months and years to get meaningful results.
Results
Hair growth is a slow process, and no treatment can be fully judged in a few weeks. At this stage, there are no final long-term outcome data from our group of testers, but long-term, several-month testing is currently underway for all highlighted products. As real-world results from testers accumulate—both positive and negative feedback—we’ll update our content accordingly so that the information provided reflects ongoing performance.
How to Find the Best Hair Loss Treatment for You
Finding the best hair loss treatment is highly personal and depends on lifestyle, medical history, and comfort level with different medications. Here’s the framework that may help you to narrow down your options.
Your Form Preferences
Some people would rather take a pill than apply a liquid, while others strongly prefer to avoid systemic medications and stick with topicals or supplements. Start by thinking about which forms you are realistically willing to use every day: capsules, foams, dropper solutions, sprays, or gummies. Choosing a format that fits into your routine makes it far more likely you will use the product consistently enough to see results.
Your Body’s Needs
Hair loss can be caused by genetics, hormones, stress, nutritional deficiencies, autoimmune conditions, and more. Because of this, speaking with a dermatologist or hair-loss specialist is highly recommended before starting a hair loss regimen, especially if shedding is sudden, patchy, or accompanied by other symptoms. A healthcare professional can help identify the likely cause of your hair loss and guide you toward treatments that are best matched to your biology and health history.
Formula
People also differ in allergies, sensitivities, and comfort with certain drugs. It is important to review ingredient lists carefully and explain any allergies, chronic conditions, and medications to a clinician so they can rule out formulas that might trigger reactions or interact with your current regimen. This step is especially critical with prescription DHT blockers, oral minoxidil, and multi-ingredient supplements, which can carry some risks.

Cost
Most hair loss treatments need to be used indefinitely to maintain benefits, which means cost is not a one-time consideration. When comparing options, factor in the monthly price, shipping or visit fees, and whether higher-cost prescription bundles or supplements are sustainable for your budget over years, not just months. Choosing a treatment that you can comfortably afford long-term is better than starting a premium option and stopping early because it becomes too expensive.
Benefits of Hair Loss Treatment
Treating hair loss is not purely cosmetic; it can have meaningful quality-of-life benefits as well. Here are some benefits:
- Improved self-confidence and comfort in social or professional situations
- Slowing or stabilizing ongoing thinning, preserving existing hair longer
- Potentially increasing hair density and coverage over time with consistent use
- Opportunity to uncover and manage underlying issues (such as hormonal or nutritional factors) that may impact overall health
- More control over styling options and appearance
What to Avoid in Hair Loss Treatments
Some hair loss treatments are backed by evidence and medical oversight, while others overpromise, which may be ineffective or risky. Here are some aspects to avoid:
- Treatments that make “instant cure” or “guaranteed regrowth” claims, especially if they lack clinical data, third-party reviews, or clear ingredient lists
- Products with hidden or undisclosed drug ingredients, or “proprietary blends” that do not specify dosages, which make it harder to evaluate safety and drug interactions
- Strong prescription-level drugs bought without a proper consult instead of going through a licensed clinician who can screen for contraindications and monitor side effects.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the most successful hair loss treatments?
The most successful hair loss treatments tend to be those with strong clinical backing and consistent use, such as minoxidil (topical or oral), finasteride or dutasteride (oral or topical, when appropriate), and in some cases combination regimens that add supplements or in-office procedures. As an aside, we’ll note that you should keep any minoxidil products away from your pets, as the medication can be highly toxic to dogs, cats, and other animals even in small amounts.
What vitamin is lacking if your hair is falling out?
Hair shedding can be linked to low levels of nutrients such as iron, vitamin D, biotin, zinc, or folate, but there is no single vitamin deficiency that explains every case. Blood work and a medical evaluation are the safest way to identify whether a deficiency is contributing to hair loss.
How to know if I should try a hair loss treatment?
It’s worth considering treatment if you notice persistent shedding, visible thinning, or widening parts over several months rather than brief, stress-related shedding that resolves on its own. Before starting anything, especially prescription medications, check in with your doctor or other healthcare professional to confirm the likely cause of your hair loss and to choose an option that matches your health history, comfort level, and long-term budget.
