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AI’s compute appetite has triggered a global building boom. From Dubai to Dallas, developers and investors are racing to construct the next generation of data centers. These projects are about more than racks and cooling, they involve capital allocation, regulatory approval, and the geopolitics of energy and land. Where will the next hubs of intelligence rise, and who will control the infrastructure of the AI age?

The New Geography of Data Centers

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Smartphones, data centers, connected vehicles, wearables—is there any category in which SoftBank-owned Arm doesn't play? As the AI boom drives a need for energy-efficient compute in more places—and increases competition across the globe—Arm's chief executive outlines how the company's advantageous architecture and unique business model will drive it to new heights.

Within Arm's Reach

Renee, welcome to the Fortune Stage. Thank you. So excited to have you. So before we dive in, I want to give the room a sense of scale because I don't think everyone here is familiar with how pervasive arm is. You're in our phones, laptops, fridges, stoves, you name it. So give us a sense of how pervasive, um, arm is. Yeah, so what, what we do, uh, is, uh, a product called a CPU. Which is the brain of every modern electronic device. So I would say that each person probably maybe uses 50 to 100 armed CPUs on their person or in their home. I can assure you everyone has one today because we are. In literally every single mobile phone built we're in all the iPhones, we're in all the Android phones, but we're in Ford F-150s, we're in Teslas, we're in data centers, we're in washing machines, the brain that powers everything. So when you turn on your smart TV and all those apps come up and you're basically trying to pick whether it's YouTube or Amazon Prime. That whole operating system that's running on the TV, that's all running on an AM CPU. Uh, company's been around 35+ years. No, we're just talking. It's Cambridge University started in a barn in Cambridge with an ambition to be the global standard for CPUs, and that mission they accomplished it. I, I, I also want to double. It's not just devices you talked about data centers and you recently announced that in 2025 50% of all computes shipped to top hyperscalers will be ARM based. Tell us more about that because that that's kind of not expected. It's a little counterintuitive and also back to the history of ARM, um, we started in in a in a barn in Cambridge, and it was a joint venture between a chip company called VLSI Technology and Apple. And they were looking for the first chip for a first PDA known as the Newton if people remember that that device, which was a PDA way ahead of its time relative to running off batteries, had a display. There were a million things wrong with it, but what it needed was a low power CPU, something that could run off a battery, and that's how ARM was conceived, was a chip to run off batteries which fast forward served us incredibly well because back to the. To the mobile phones because the battery power is so key there and you're running off batteries, Energy consumption is key, power efficiency. So that is really the application space where we're quite strong. Fast forward to these modern data centers that are running 100 megawatts, 500 megawatts, gigawatts. Energy efficiency is everything. So ARM had gotten into the cloud data centers a number of years ago, general purpose cloud with Amazon and Microsoft and Google, but when Nvidia made the choice with their Grace Hopper chip and then Grace Blackwell, they needed a CPU to pair up with the accelerator and they chose ARM. And because Grace Blackwell is literally every single AI identity center compute. Being done, we're there too. So hence, hence our big number 50%. Incredible. Um, you've made a bold statement that ARM is the only compute platform delivering AI everywhere from milliwatts at the edge to gigawatts in the world's largest data center. What makes ARM uniquely positioned to play in this space? So let's think about the data center application we just talked about, right? These giant AI data centers that are using GPU acceleration, um, they all need a CPU as well because the CPU does all of the, the management of the data, prepares the data that goes in the accelerator. There's just a huge codependency there. You can't have a GPU without the CPU. That's fine when you've got. 50 megawatts to deal with 100 megawatts, but when you go to a very small application where wearable glasses, where you have maybe 2 watts of power, you can't put a GPU there. Simply put, you have to find a way to run that AI accelerator on the CPU platform. So that's where we play. So we not only have a solution up in the cloud, but we have a solution in the smallest devices. We've been talking about this all day, but I still would love a raise of hands if you believe we are in an AI bubble. Because perhaps you've changed your mind since the morning when Ali asked the question. OK, um, who thinks we're not in an AI bubble? OK, I think. And who, whose answer is like it depends, complicated. Yeah, I would say like 3rd, 3rd, 3rd. What do you think? Are we in an AI bubble? I think it depends depends on how you define bubble. If, if, if the definitions of AI bubble is that the stocks are overvalued and the PEs are running way ahead of themselves historically, you know, you know, maybe, uh, that's not something frankly I spend a lot of attention on. If you ask the question of are we an AI bubble relative to the technology being relevant and powerful, absolutely not, 100%. I feel that in my bones. And, and you might ask, well, why are, why are you so convicted about that? You simply just have to look at the, the areas that AI tends to help us with already. The the previous speaker was talking about vibe coding where you, you go in and, and you ask a question relative to write me a piece of software. Well, imagine a world where you go to AI and say, write me a business plan, right, or write me a way that I could come up with a novel concept to build a company that could solve this level of problem. Take life sciences. Uh, I've always thought that the killer app for AI is around health. If you look at one of the bottlenecks in drug discovery today, it's actually around trials, human trials. If you could replace all of that with AI and have AI instantly tell you from the time you're starting R&D that you know exactly what the trials are going to look like and you've accelerated drug discovery by 1015 years, that, by the way, all of what I described is going to happen. None of that is an if statement. It's a when statement. So when I think about AI and and the changes it can make for humanity and the planet and where we are relative to its capability, we're so early and the benefits will be so profound. So I, I'm absolutely not believing we're in any kind of bubble. Yeah, um, I'm gonna take audience questions in a moment, so please tee up your questions. You know, a lot of attention goes into the training of these AI models, but as demand for AI increases, the prediction is we're going to need more and more AI inference, and this is You know, the shift is going to benefit ARM. So tell us more about how you think about kind of the training inference. Yeah, and again, another example of why I don't think we're in an AI bubble. So just backing up for a moment, what is training? What is inference? Training is teaching a model to do something, uh, whether that is teaching you to recognize images, answer questions about history, solving an enterprise problem, etc. etc. Months and months and months of time spent training a model, training chat GPT. And OpenAI takes 3 months, 6 months, 8 months to train this giant model. That's training. Once the model is done, it's released to the world, and on our phones we can ask a question and the question comes back with an answer. Sometimes it thinks it takes some amount of time to give you the answer. That's inference. OK, so the giant use case as you think about it, of course, is inference. The more. Sophisticated the training model is, the more inference we're going to use. First things today, still researching companies spend more time training than they do on inference. So all this compute, these 100 megawatt data centers, they actually spend more time training than doing inference. And you say, well, why is that? Because there's just so much still that the models can get smart at. Inference is the use case that happens everywhere. It happens in the cloud. It happens in your car. It happens in your earbuds. And again, back to, you know, what is good for arm to your question. Those will all run in areas that generally will have an arm processor, so we think as inference explodes, and it will as more and more of these models get sophisticated, you're going to run these AI workloads everywhere. It will be ubiquitous. We will not think about AI running in the cloud or AI running in an edge device. It's just software. That's how it works. Do you have any questions? The audience, I'm not. Yes, there's a question at the back. Please share your name and organization. Sure, Julie Michelle Morris, I'm always here to ask about cybersecurity and the security of this, um, so. The single source, the supply chain, of course, makes me a bit nervous. Um, does it keep you up at night to know that the weight of the world is on your shoulders? Uh, we have a very unique situation in the semiconductor industry, and we were chatting about this, uh, uh, in the, in the green room prior, where, where chips were not so interesting for, for a number of years and then they got really interesting and, and one of the Events that made it so interesting was COVID, and when you lost your key fob, it took 52 weeks to get a new one. It was a bit of what is going on here. Well, that was just a function of the semi supply chain has many single points of failure, not just ARM. There's TSMC which is in a very obviously. Interesting part of the world geopolitically where it sits. TSMC is by far and away the provider of all these AI compute chips. Everything Nvidia builds is from there and AMD, Broadcom. That's a single point of failure. There is a very sophisticated device that has to go into these fabs that comes from one company on the planet for EUV. It's a company called ASML, Dutch company. They're the only people in the world to build EUV machines. There are a set of mirrors that go into that EUV machine made from a company in Germany called Zeiss. They're the only company in the world that makes those mirrors. So yes, I don't know if it keeps me up at night, but it is something the entire semiconductor supply chain has been learning to live with. But I will say, and you've seen this partially with the Trump administration, this acceleration to move manufacturing back to the United States, I think is a step in the right direction. There's a lot of criticism in terms of. How long it will take, and there's no question that it will take decades to get to where it was because it took decades for it to kind of get to the point that it is, but we have to start and I'm glad to see that it's starting because it's necessary. Well, when we were, yeah, there's a question here. When we were prepping for our call, um, I mentioned that I'm an investor in an early stage chip company that's very focused on AI inference. So perhaps you can give us a sense of like what does the competitive landscape look like. Well right now the leader is Nvidia by far and away, and they do almost everything relative to training and inference. Now when you have such a large competitor in such a large market that of course begets lots of competition, and there will be lots of competition from a combination of sources. You'll have hyper scalers doing their own chips, whether that's Google TPUs and that's gone on for a number of generations. Microsoft Meta AWS and then you'll have specialized companies trying to do chips around inference not only for the cloud but also for the smaller edge devices. So I would never try to second guess or underestimate Jensen and Nvidia. I worked there for many years. He's an amazing leader in an amazing company, but the opportunity is so large and so the scale is so broad, you will see other players, no question about it. And Iman and Kumar, so you know I do agree on the Nvidia side, uh, so building off of that, how do you see the hardware landscape evolve, right? So you know, grasshoppers, for instance, the bandwidth between CPU and GPU is increasing. So as these models get bigger, you know, agents, long context, it's all memory and bandwidth centric. So how do you see the. Ecosystem evolve and what would the, you know, CPU of the future look like? Yeah, no, it's, it's a wonderful question because. Ultimately when you're handling these large AI models and the models are if you enter chat GPT or enter a question into it or Grok and it says thinking and you're wondering well why is it thinking it's not the computer that's thinking, it's the computer that's waiting for data to come into the computer to figure out how to make the answer. That's memory bandwidth. So I think what's going to happen over time is you're going to see some innovations in memory technology. You're going to see innovations in packaging. You're gonna see innovations in interconnect. In other words, what's the material used to connect between the devices? Is it light? Is it a different kind of photonics? Is it a different area in terms of other interfaces? So I think back to your question on innovation, if you're, if you're investing in this space, it's a bit of the wild, wild west because people are looking for all kinds of different levels of innovation there because it all has to get solved. Selfishly, I think ARM is going to be in a wonderful place there because most of that traffic needs to run through or around our devices, and we're very involved in a number of activities in that space. Can we talk about physical AI, and that could be robotics, autonomous vehicles, drones, but also these small embedded AI first human-machine interfaces or wearables. And again, what does that mean for ARM? Well, again, because just about everything that you described is going to require something from a CPU standpoint to manage the activity, we will be involved. So then you get into physical AI, what's what's taking place there, and you see this a little bit with autonomous vehicles. In fact, I was reading an article that was in the New York Times this Sunday. It's, it was rather amazing. I was looking at Waymo and the number of accidents that Waymo had conventional accidents compared to human drivers. And it was about 1/10 to 1/20 just looking at and they were looking at different kinds of accidents, right, in terms of lane incursion or intersections. So there you have a data point that says, OK, autonomous physical AI is is starting to see benefits in in the cars and Waymo, wonderful company, they're all over San Francisco, is kind of autonomous 1.0. It's got all kinds of equipment on there. It's got LiDAR, it's got radar, it's looking all over the place relative to how to drive autonomously. The next generation using LLMs are they need less cameras, they need less devices, and why is that? Because they're actually using AI as opposed to looking at all the physical areas to make decisions on how to drive and how to how to move forward. What does that mean? It's going to really accelerate. Robotics, humanoids, things that can do factories, I think in the next 5 to 10 years, and again ARM will be involved, you're going to see large, large sections of factory work replaced with robots. And, and part of the reason for that is these. Physical AI robots can be reprogrammed to do different tasks. One of the issues you've had with factory robots in the past is if it was a pick and place machine for a factory, they're just optimized for one task for one task. The software was for one task, the hardware was for one task. Now if you can design a general purpose humanoid that the software is all AI and it learns by doing. It's going to completely replace a large set of factory workers. So I think in 5 to 10 years, and back to the geopolitical comment, I think it will level the playing field for countries because you will start to see physical AI be a great enabler for other economies. Quick question, because we're almost out of time. Renee, good, good comments. Um, AM is dominant. X86 is struggling. Risk 5, we'll see. Um, you talked about so many customers, right? Why then Is I'm going moving up the stack, um, going into building chips aren't you competing with customers, um, you know, what's the calculation there? Yeah, I don't think I said anything about that, um, 10, you know, it's a Silicon Valley rumor. Yeah, one of the things that we see is, is huge demand for our technology. And one of the other things we see is that the the speed required to develop products is just the demand on it is just getting faster and faster and faster. Part of that, and AI exacerbates it in the sense that. The models are moving far, far faster than the hardware can keep up. So when you sit where we do in the platform, in other words, the compute sort of starts with arm, it's not unnatural for customers to come to us and say, If the computer and models are all running on your platform anyway, instead of waiting for your IP, why don't you just build something for us that could be quicker. That is something we do listen to. So as I've said in our earnings calls very carefully, that is something we continue to explore largely because customers are pushing us for it. And why are they pushing us for it? They just want to get their end products out faster. Renee, last question, what are you most excited about for 2026? You know, I, I, I think that this continuance of, of AI and the acceleration of what we're doing, it to me, it's like, it's like being in Disneyland. It just opened, uh, we have hours and hours and hours to spend. Um, I was at a panel where. Someone said, give you a bold, give me a bold prediction for this time next year, and I said no one will be talking about an AI bubble a year from now. And then someone asked, because it popped? I said, I'm not gonna say big for that, but I, I just don't think we will. I think people have embraced a year from now that we're well on our way. I love that Disneyland just opened. Thank you for the conversation, Renee. Thank you.

Malaysia is building its future — and it begins in Johor. Ibrahim Technopolis (IBTEC) is redefining how nations design cities for innovation, sustainability, and growth. Positioned in the Iskandar region, IBTEC fuses digital infrastructure, clean energy, and advanced industries to power a connected economy. This session explores how Malaysia is transforming vision into execution, turning ambition into architecture and technology into opportunity. Inside IBTEC lies a blueprint for what it takes to build not just a smart city, but a smart nation.

Hosted by: Johor Corporation

Lunch Strategy I - The Making of a Smart Nation: Inside Ibrahim Technopolis (IBTEC)

We're going to be learning about a new smart city development taking shape in the new Johor Singapore Special Economic Zone and hopefully you took in some of the panels and discussions earlier on today where we had a bit of a deeper insight into what's happening in that in that part of the world. Very exciting developments, and I think this that we're going to hear about today is the is the cherry on top of the cake. It's called the Ibrahim Technopolis, and when completed, it will become a master. A planned township spanning over 7000 acres. It will also be Southeast Asia's first circular city. So I'd like to take a moment to thank our host for this session, Johor Corporation, and in just a moment you'll hear from Datok Mahir Aziz, director of patient capital at Johor Corporation and group managing director of Johor Capital Group. So with that, please join me in welcoming Daok to the stage. Daok, thank you. Oh, OK. Do anything. OK, smima Sar Malekum Moratalakato. Thanks, uh, Andy for the introduction and also the mic as well. Uh, again, um, basically, I'm standing here, I think I'm selling across the room as well, um, just, um, to share a bit, I know the screen is mostly on that side, um, so you may have to somewhat lean over to see what we are presenting, but the, the whole idea is to at least articulate and elaborate if, if I may. Uh, some of the points that um you've heard from Wabi Lee this morning very much speaking and itemizing some of the things that we are looking at, uh, from a Johor perspective and also Malaysia perspective, uh, with regards to the special economic zone that we have with Singapore and just before lunch, uh, that. Also elaborating even further in the role of not only Johor Corporation, but the development of Ibrahim taking our place as a venue, as a platform, as a place for us to look at the convergence of an ecosystem that we are trying to build. You've heard since morning, uh, I think the idea of sandboxing, test bedding. Having the right kind of ingredients, uh, in, in building an ecosystem that is supposed and meant to be not only sustainable, but thriving as we address um some of the issues and challenges uh uh on various platforms uh across the aspect of geopolitical challenges, economic. mandate that we carry at JOB and addressing some of the newer things that we are trying to build and we build more solutions, especially along along the lines of artificial intelligence as we build uh more adoption, we go through digital transformation as well. As a summary, I think we look at the Johor, Johor Singapore Special Economic zone. I think it's an area where the momentum for us to actually leverage on an area uh that, that needs, that, that needs to build, that can create uh more uh I think areas for us to be more strategic. And, and be able to actually position itself uh to, to look at not only hosting some of these uh companies, corporations, organizations, academic institutions and all that. Those would be this uh place where we look at uh the entire zone, uh, special economic zone for these areas. We believe that in any development, you need a set of catalytic projects and this is what and why it is very, very important. It is anchored as one of the nine flagship zones within uh Johor, Singapore. Special economic zone, we do have, we heard Wabi Lee spoke about the 11 sectors that we're looking at that. 9 of those sectors are supposed to be happening inside uh IEC itself. So it is not so much about the infrastructure, but there's a lot more at play, which I'll go through in a bit. From a physical point of view, a tech is built across 9 sectors, as we mentioned. Um, I think the numbers of more than 7290 acres is what we are looking at. Definitely it's something massive that we are building, and again, if we look at how we want to be able to build this, we have to start somewhere. So Yibi Lee talked about how Johor basically capitalized on the opportunities that were made available primarily because of certain decisions made by our neighbors down south in Singapore uh with regards to the moratorium, and again, we were there. Ready to actually accept and ready to work together. I have in various forms or rather in my previous life as well has spoken about building ecosystems and about building this vis a vis the ASEAN neighbors that we have. Malaysia cannot. And we will not be able to become Singapore overnight. There's no way that we can move the financial capital to Malaysia and say that, OK, forget Singapore and just build in Malaysia. It doesn't work like that. We obviously cannot become Indonesia overnight or Thailand as well that we can just multiply and say that I have the mass market for you to actually do that, but there's a place for us to actually do this, and we see Itech as one of the uh the best platform. Uh, for, for, for us to be able to see how we can help a more and highly digitalized industries in the form of logistics, healthcare, uh, and others as well, and we start, we started to build this from the data center ecosystem that we have. So 10% roughly. Of what we envision to have. And aspire to actually develop is already in place. Whybili talked about more than 10 data centers currently operating and we are getting more uh input and more I think committed investments. We hope to be able to achieve in the next year or so. The ecosystem that we talked about, and I tell you why this is important because there's always a place for everyone, not only in this room, but also outside there to be able to see there's a screen right behind you just in case. I know you're straining your neck to actually see it, but uh as far as uh ecosystems that we talked about and that I talked about innovation corridor. Activities such as regulatory sandbox, adoption of certain solutions, and also the solutions that we want to be able to build. That is a physical platform that we're trying to build right there at Ibrahim Technopolis and a platform that we hope to be able to begin now. And this is a platform where connectivity, collaboration would be some of those points that we want to be able to talk about. I just came back from Beijing yesterday basically presenting not only, uh, I think the aspect of JCOB, but very much on how China is building a proper AI ecosystem together with ASEAN stemming from their involvement and more active participation with ASEAN economies as well. I think the excitement is all there and I actually Really look at how they are planning, uh, uh, I think the ecosystem that they are looking at, the application of AI in not only in main industries, but rather on the research side, and this is expediting activities that they are doing now, looking at building new solutions and very importantly, looking at building it together with the ASEAN countries, starting, uh, starting with both Singapore and also Malaysia. Other aspect that we are also looking at, again, we meet a lot of people, somebody asked me outside, whom have you met so far, uh, and who who else do you plan to meet as well. Uh, I think we spoke about meeting just about anyone because again, the role of whether you're providing or generating data, you're developing infrastructure, you're deploying that currently with us. And you are helping us in building the right kind of governance. Building without control is I think a recipe for disaster, but too much control very early on, especially as we talked about AI is again impeding, I think the growth of this. I was at the uh Geneva uh AI forum last year. You can see the discussion at the top floors talking about regulations and all that. And the ground floor who was talking about, OK, let's go and do this and explore all the things. You can really cut the tension. With a butter knife because they couldn't agree on that, but yet we know that AI is this big trend that is driving digital, that is driving a lot more projects, talent development, and SMEs as we see it. So again, this will be an area as we can see if tech. Uh, that we developed, uh, of course, uh, I have my colleagues led by Dr. Akma and also John at the back who are, uh, actually ready uh to discuss in more details with you guys individually in here or uh outside of this event to talk about other areas that we want to be able to do together and collaborate as well. As far as incentives, and before I close this, this is again commitment so far by the federal and state governments to look at tax, uh, both on the incentive sites and also exemptions. There's also because of the national energy transition roadmap, we are providing the renewable energy benefits and lastly, we are also at Jacob site. Together with our stakeholders, building the right kind of infrastructure that we feel is needed for us to be able to do that. We can talk about AI until next week, but without the right infrastructure, the right investments, not only on the physical infrastructure, but the soft part which is talent and also governance and policies, this will not happen. So again, thank you very much for your attention. uh, Mr. John Ng and the rest of the team will be in the Kada room, uh, to entertain any additional questions that you may have besides uh the rest of the Jacob team that we have here today. Thank you very much. The human mind is phenomenal. OK, I was too quick. I wanted to play this. So OK, I'll leave you with the video. Machines that transformed.

The competition for green capital is reshaping investment strategies across Southeast Asia. Energy, agriculture, and infrastructure players are racing to secure the funding that will define the region’s low-carbon future. Markets like the European Union are setting stricter sustainability standards, while lenders and development banks are tying capital to measurable impact. For companies, meeting those conditions can open doors to new markets and growth opportunities, failing to do so risks being left behind.

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